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- 5 Why
- Asking "why?" again and again (about five times) to reach the root cause of a problem.
- 5S
- Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardise, Sustain - the basis of an organised, lean workplace.
A
- Absenteeism
- Share of workers absent from work; high absenteeism disturbs line balancing and output.
- Accessories
- Another word for trims; often used for packing items such as hangtags, poly bags and cartons.
- Air shipment
- Sending goods by air instead of sea, usually because of delay; a costly penalty often paid by the factory.
- Allowance
- Extra time added to normal time for personal needs, fatigue and small unavoidable delays, usually 10-20%.
- Alter
- Garments sent back to an operator for correction (rework) because of a sewing defect.
- Andon
- A light or signal an operator uses to call for help when there is a quality or machine problem.
- Approved swatch
- A fabric or trim piece signed by the buyer, used as the reference for bulk checking.
- AQL
- Acceptable Quality Limit - the sampling standard buyers use in final inspection to accept or reject a shipment.
- Assembly operation
- Operations that join the prepared parts into the garment, such as shoulder join and side seam.
- Attachment
- A device fitted to a sewing machine (folder, binder, guide) that makes an operation faster and more consistent.
- Auto cutter
- Computer-controlled (CNC) cutting machine that cuts lays directly from the CAD marker.
- Available minutes
- Number of operators × working hours × 60; the time the line can produce in.
B
- Back-to-back L/C
- An L/C opened by the factory, backed by the buyer's master L/C, to import fabric and trims.
- Balance efficiency
- Pitch time divided by the bottleneck cycle time; shows how evenly work is shared on a line.
- Balance loss
- 100% minus balance efficiency; the share of line time lost because workload is not equal.
- Band knife
- Cutting machine with a moving endless blade, used for precise cutting of small parts.
- Bartack
- A short dense zig-zag stitch that strengthens stress points such as pocket corners and belt loops.
- Basic time
- Observed time multiplied by the rating; the same as normal time.
- Bias
- The 45° diagonal direction of a woven fabric, which stretches most.
- BOM
- Bill of Materials - the list of all fabric and trims with consumption per garment for a style.
- Booked minutes
- Total standard minutes of all confirmed orders in a period, used to check how full the factory is.
- Bottleneck
- The operation with the highest cycle time per operator; it limits the output of the whole line.
- Broken needle policy
- Factory rule that all parts of every broken needle must be found and recorded before work continues.
- BSCI
- amfori Business Social Compliance Initiative - a widely used social audit system for supplier factories.
- Buffer
- Stock of work kept between operations or departments so a small stop does not stop the next step.
- Bundle
- A group of cut parts (often 10-30 pieces) that moves through the sewing line together.
- Bundle ticket
- Ticket attached to a bundle with style, size, colour, bundle number and operation coupons.
- Bundling
- Grouping cut and numbered parts into bundles with a bundle ticket before sending to sewing.
- Buyer
- The brand or retailer that places the garment order and sets the quality, price and delivery terms.
C
- CAD
- Computer-aided design - software for pattern making, grading and marker making.
- CAPA
- Corrective And Preventive Action - the action plan to fix a problem and stop it happening again.
- Capacity
- The number of pieces an operator or line can make per hour, from a time study.
- Capacity planning
- Comparing required minutes (order quantity × SAM) with available minutes of the factory to decide what can be booked.
- Capacity study
- A time study of an operator on an operation, used to find their real capacity and efficiency.
- Care label
- A sewn-in label with fibre content, washing instructions and country of origin.
- Carton audit
- Checking packed cartons for correct quantity, ratio, labels and markings before shipment.
- Carton measurement
- Outer size of the carton; used to calculate CBM and the shipping cost.
- CBM
- Cubic metre - the volume of cargo used to plan container loading and freight cost.
- Chainstitch
- Stitch class 401 formed by looper and needle threads; stretchy, used for waistbands and seams.
- Changeover
- Switching a line from one style to another; measured from the last piece of the old style to target on the new one.
- CM
- Cut and Make - the factory charge for cutting, sewing and finishing only, when the buyer supplies the materials.
- CMT
- Cut, Make and Trim - factory charge for making the garment including trims, with fabric supplied by the buyer.
- Code of conduct
- The buyer's rules on labour, safety and ethics that supplier factories must follow.
- Colour fastness
- How well a fabric keeps its colour against washing, rubbing, light, sweat and water.
- Colour size break-down
- The order quantity split by colour and size (also called size ratio or assortment).
- Compliance
- Meeting labour, safety, environmental and legal standards required by law and by buyers.
- Consumption
- The quantity of fabric or trim needed per garment or per dozen, including wastage.
- Container loading
- Placing cartons into a 20 ft or 40 ft container according to the loading plan.
- Cost per minute
- Factory running cost divided by the produced minutes; multiplied by SAM it gives the making cost of a garment.
- Costing
- Calculating a garment's price: fabric, trims, CM (from SAM and cost per minute), washing, testing, overheads and profit.
- Counter sample
- A sample the factory keeps as its own copy of what was sent to the buyer.
- Coverstitch
- Stitch class 406 with two or three needles and a looper; used for hemming knit garments.
- Critical defect
- A defect that can cause harm to the user or break safety law, such as a needle piece or sharp object; zero allowed.
- Critical path
- The chain of order activities with no spare time; any delay in it delays shipment.
- Cut plan
- Plan of how many lays, plies and size ratios are needed to cut the order quantity with least waste.
- Cut to ship ratio
- Pieces shipped divided by pieces cut; shows losses from rejects, shortages and damage.
- Cut-sew-pack ratio
- Comparing cut, sewn and packed quantities to find pieces lost or held between departments.
- Cuttable width
- The usable fabric width between the selvedges, used for marker making.
- Cutting efficiency
- Cut quantity compared with planned quantity or fabric used against fabric booked.
- Cycle time
- The time to complete one piece of an operation, observed or standard.
D
- Defect
- Any fault in a garment that does not meet the specification or the buyer's standard.
- Defect rate
- Defective pieces ÷ pieces checked × 100; unlike DHU it counts each defective piece only once.
- Denier
- Weight in grams of 9,000 metres of a filament yarn; used for polyester, nylon and other synthetics.
- DHU
- Defects per Hundred Units = total defects ÷ pieces checked × 100.
- Discount claim
- A price cut the buyer demands for late delivery or quality problems.
- DMAIC
- Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control - the Six Sigma problem-solving method.
- DNLS
- Double Needle Lock Stitch machine - sews two parallel lockstitch rows at once.
- Downtime
- Time a machine or line is stopped, for example for breakdown, no input or changeover.
- Dye lot
- A batch of fabric dyed together; different lots can differ slightly in shade.
E
- Efficiency
- Produced minutes (output × SAM) divided by available minutes (people × working minutes).
- End bit
- Leftover fabric at the end of a roll that is too short for a full ply.
- End-line inspection
- Quality check of finished garments at the end of the sewing line.
- Enzyme wash
- A wash using enzymes to soften the fabric and give a faded look, often on denim.
- ETP
- Effluent Treatment Plant - treats waste water from dyeing and washing before it is released.
- Ex-factory date
- The date the finished goods must leave the factory to reach the port in time for the vessel.
- Excess shipment
- Shipping more pieces than ordered; usually allowed within a small plus tolerance (for example +3%).
F
- Fabric inspection
- Checking fabric rolls for defects, shade, width and length before cutting, often on a fabric inspection machine.
- Fabric relaxation
- Leaving knit or stretch fabric unrolled for a set time before cutting so tension is released and shrinkage is reduced.
- Fatigue allowance
- The part of the allowance that covers tiredness from repetitive work.
- Feeding
- Supplying cut parts or bundles to the sewing line or to an operator.
- Final inspection
- AQL-based inspection of packed goods by the buyer or a third party before shipment.
- Finishing
- Department after sewing that does thread trimming, checking, ironing, folding, tagging and packing.
- Fire drill
- Regular practice evacuation so all workers know how to leave the building safely in an emergency.
- Fishbone diagram
- Cause-and-effect (Ishikawa) diagram that groups possible causes under Man, Machine, Method, Material, Measurement and Environment.
- Fit sample
- Sample made to check fit and measurements on a model or dummy; comments are given for correction.
- Flatlock
- Flat seam (class 607) where edges are butted and covered; used on sportswear and underwear.
- Floor in-charge
- Manager in charge of all lines on one production floor.
- Flow process chart
- A chart that records every operation, inspection, transport, delay and storage in a process.
- FOB
- Free On Board - price including the garment delivered on board the ship at the port of loading; freight after that is paid by the buyer.
- Folder
- An attachment that folds the fabric edge as it is sewn, used for hems and binding.
- Four-point system
- Fabric inspection method that gives 1-4 penalty points per defect by size; total points per 100 square yards decide pass or fail.
- FTT
- First Time Through (or Right First Time) - share of garments that pass inspection without any rework.
- Fusing
- Bonding fusible interlining to fabric with heat, pressure and time on a fusing machine.
G
- Gantt chart
- Bar chart that shows tasks or orders against a time line; common for line plans.
- Garment wash
- Washing the finished garment to change its look or feel, such as enzyme, stone, bleach or softener wash.
- Gemba
- The real place where work is done - for a garment factory, the production floor.
- Gemba walk
- Managers going to the floor to see the process, ask questions and support improvement.
- GOTS
- Global Organic Textile Standard - certification for textiles made from organic fibres with environmental and social criteria.
- Grading
- Making patterns for all sizes from the base size pattern using size increments.
- Grain line
- The direction of the warp yarns; pattern pieces are placed along it so garments hang straight.
- GSD
- General Sewing Data - a predetermined motion time system for sewn products, used to set standard SAM.
- GSM
- Grams per Square Metre - the weight of a fabric; higher GSM means a heavier fabric.
H
- Hangtag
- A tag hung on the garment with brand, price, style or barcode information.
- Heijunka
- Levelling production by volume and mix so the workload stays even.
- Helper
- A worker who supports operators with non-machine work such as trimming, marking, folding and supplying.
- Higg Index
- A set of tools that measure the environmental and social performance of apparel facilities and products.
- Hourly production
- Output recorded every hour against the hourly target so problems are seen early.
I
- Incentive
- Extra pay given to operators or lines for reaching output, efficiency or quality targets.
- Inline inspection
- Quality checks at each operator during sewing, so defects are fixed at the source.
- Input
- The number of cut pieces given to the sewing line in a day.
- Interlining
- A layer (fusible or sewn) put inside collars, cuffs and plackets to give shape and stiffness.
J
- Jidoka
- Automation with a human touch - stopping the process when a problem appears so defects are not passed on.
- Jig
- A template or fixture that holds parts in position so an operation is done faster and the same every time.
- JIT
- Just In Time - getting the right item in the right quantity at the right time, with minimum stock.
K
- Kaizen
- Continuous small improvements made by the people who do the work.
- Kanban
- A card or signal that tells the previous process to produce or supply more; used in pull systems.
- Kansai
- Multi-needle chainstitch machine used for waistbands, elastic attaching and decorative stitching.
- Knit fabric
- Fabric made from loops of yarn (for example single jersey, rib, interlock, fleece); stretchy, used for T-shirts and polos.
- KPI
- Key Performance Indicator - a measure used to track performance against a target, such as efficiency, DHU or OTD.
L
- L/C
- Letter of Credit - a bank guarantee that the seller will be paid once shipping documents meet the agreed terms.
- Lab dip
- Small dyed fabric or yarn swatch sent for colour approval before bulk dyeing.
- Labour productivity
- Output (pieces or minutes) per worker or per hour of labour.
- Labour turnover
- The rate at which workers leave the factory and must be replaced, usually shown per month.
- Lay
- The stack of spread fabric plies ready for cutting.
- Lead time
- Total time from order confirmation to shipment, or from start to end of a process.
- Lean manufacturing
- A way of working that removes waste and makes the process flow so the customer gets value faster and cheaper.
- Learning curve
- The gradual rise in an operator's or line's efficiency on a new style day by day until it reaches the normal level.
- LEED
- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - a green building certification; many Bangladesh factories hold it.
- Line
- A group of operators and machines that sews a garment from start to finish.
- Line balancing
- Sharing operations among operators so each has a similar workload and output is maximised.
- Line chief
- Supervisor responsible for the output, quality and people of one or more sewing lines.
- Line efficiency
- Line output × garment SAM divided by (manpower × working minutes) × 100.
- Line layout
- The arrangement of machines and work stations on a sewing line in operation sequence.
- Line loading
- Assigning orders to lines with start and finish dates according to the capacity of each line.
- Lockstitch
- Stitch class 301 made by a needle thread and bobbin thread interlocking; the standard single-needle stitch.
M
- Machine delay allowance
- Part of the allowance for small unavoidable machine stops such as thread breaks and bobbin change.
- Machine requirement
- The number of each machine type a style needs, worked out from the operation bulletin.
- Machine utilisation
- Running time of a machine divided by available time × 100.
- Major defect
- A defect that is likely to cause the product to fail or the customer to return it.
- Marker
- The cutting plan showing how pattern pieces are placed on fabric to use it efficiently.
- Marker efficiency
- Area of pattern pieces divided by total marker area × 100; higher efficiency means less fabric waste.
- Marker length
- The length of the marker; together with the number of plies it gives the fabric needed for a lay.
- Material in-house
- Date when all fabric and trims for an order have arrived and passed inspection.
- Measurement chart
- Table of garment measurements by size with points of measure and tolerances.
- Merchandiser
- The person who manages an order from enquiry to shipment - costing, samples, materials, approvals and follow-up with the buyer.
- Method study
- Recording and analysing how a job is done to find an easier, faster method.
- Minor defect
- A defect that does not affect use or saleability much, but still shows a departure from the standard.
- MMR
- Man Machine Ratio = total employees ÷ running machines.
- Module
- A small team of multi-skilled operators who make a complete garment together; often standing and self-balancing.
- MOQ
- Minimum Order Quantity - the smallest quantity a supplier or factory will accept.
- Motion economy
- Principles for arranging work and body motions so a job is done with less effort and time.
- MTBF
- Mean Time Between Failures - average running time between machine breakdowns.
- MTM
- Methods-Time Measurement - a predetermined motion time system on which GSD is based.
- MTTR
- Mean Time To Repair - average time needed to repair a broken machine.
- Muda
- Japanese word for waste - any activity that uses resources but adds no value for the customer.
- Multi-skilled operator
- An operator trained on several operations or machine types, useful for balancing and absence.
N
- Needle detection
- Passing finished garments through a metal detector to make sure no broken needle or metal is left inside.
- Nomination
- When the buyer names the supplier the factory must use for a fabric or trim.
- Non-value added
- An activity that takes time or cost but does not change the product for the customer.
- Normal time
- Observed time adjusted by the rating to a normal pace.
- Notch
- A small cut mark on a pattern piece edge that guides operators to match parts when sewing.
- NPT
- Non-productive time - minutes lost to machine breakdown, no work, power failure, meetings and similar causes.
- Numbering
- Putting ply number stickers on cut parts so parts from the same ply are sewn together and shading is avoided.
O
- Observed time
- The actual time measured with a stopwatch, before rating and allowances are applied.
- OEE
- Overall Equipment Effectiveness = Availability × Performance × Quality.
- OEKO-TEX
- A testing and certification system that checks textiles for harmful substances.
- Off-standard time
- Time an operator could not work on the standard job, for example machine breakdown or waiting; recorded so efficiency is fair.
- One-piece flow
- Making and moving one garment at a time from operation to operation instead of in bundles.
- Operation bulletin
- The list of operations of a style with SAM, machine type and manpower - the base of line planning.
- Operator efficiency
- Operator output × SAM divided by the operator's working minutes × 100.
- Order booking
- Confirming an order and reserving factory capacity for it.
- Order status report
- Daily report showing each order's cutting, sewing, finishing and packing progress against plan.
- OTD
- On-time delivery - the share of orders shipped on or before the agreed date.
- Output
- The number of finished pieces coming out of the line or a department per hour or day.
- Overlock
- Stitch class 504/514 that sews and covers the fabric edge in one step; used on knit seams (also called serging).
- Overtime
- Working hours beyond the normal shift; must follow local labour law and buyer code of conduct limits.
P
- Packing list
- A document listing each carton with its contents, quantities and weights.
- Pareto analysis
- The 80/20 rule - sorting problems by size to work first on the few causes that make most of the defects or loss.
- Pattern
- The templates of each garment part from which fabric is cut.
- PDCA
- Plan-Do-Check-Act - the four-step cycle for continuous improvement.
- Personal allowance
- Part of the allowance for personal needs such as drinking water and toilet.
- Piece rate
- A payment system where operators are paid by the number of pieces they complete.
- Piece-dyed
- Fabric dyed after it was knitted or woven.
- Pitch time
- Total garment SAM divided by the number of operators; the ideal cycle time for a balanced line.
- Ply
- One layer of fabric in a lay.
- PMTS
- Predetermined Motion Time System - builds standard times from standard motion data (GSD and MTM are examples).
- PO
- Purchase Order - the buyer's official order with style, quantity, price, colour/size break-down and ship date.
- Poka-yoke
- Mistake-proofing - a simple device or method that makes it impossible or obvious to do a job wrong.
- Poly bag
- Plastic bag in which each garment is packed, usually with a suffocation warning.
- POM
- Point Of Measure - a defined place on a garment where a measurement is taken.
- PP meeting
- Pre-production meeting where all departments review the approved sample and risks before bulk starts.
- PP sample
- Pre-production sample made with actual bulk fabric and trims; once approved it is the standard for bulk.
- PPE
- Personal Protective Equipment, such as metal gloves for cutting, masks and ear protection.
- Pre-final inspection
- Internal inspection of packed goods before the buyer's final inspection.
- Preparatory operation
- Operations done on separate parts before assembly, such as collar making or pocket preparation.
- Pressing
- Ironing garments to remove creases and give the final shape.
- Preventive maintenance
- Planned servicing of machines at fixed intervals to prevent breakdowns.
- Produced minutes
- Output pieces × SAM; the standard work time contained in the output.
- Production planning
- Deciding which order runs on which line, when, and how fast, based on capacity and ship dates.
- Productivity
- Output per unit of input, such as pieces per operator per hour or minutes produced per person.
- Progressive bundle system
- Production system where bundles move from operation to operation with a buffer between operators.
- Proto sample
- The first sample made from the design to check the look and fit idea.
- Pull system
- Producing only what the next process has used or asked for, instead of pushing work ahead.
Q
- Qualified worker
- A worker with the skill, knowledge and physical ability to do a job to the standard.
- Quality audit
- A check of a sample of goods or of the quality system to confirm the standard is being followed.
R
- Rating
- An estimate of an operator's pace compared with a normal pace of 100%.
- Ratio pack
- Packing a carton with an assortment of sizes and/or colours in a fixed ratio.
- Re-cutting
- Cutting replacement parts for damaged or rejected parts.
- Reject
- A garment that cannot be repaired and is removed from good production.
- Rework
- Repairing defective garments so they meet the standard.
- RFT
- Right First Time - the same as FTT: pieces passed at the first check ÷ pieces checked × 100.
- Root cause analysis
- Finding the real reason behind a problem, not just the symptom, so it does not happen again.
- RSC
- RMG Sustainability Council - the Bangladesh body that continues factory fire, electrical and building safety inspections.
S
- Salesman sample
- Samples made for the buyer's sales team to show and take orders.
- SAM
- Standard Allowed Minute - the standard time for an operation including allowances.
- Seam allowance
- The fabric width between the seam line and the fabric edge.
- Section
- Part of a line that makes one sub-assembly, for example the collar, sleeve or assembly section.
- SEDEX
- A platform where suppliers share ethical audit data; its audit format is called SMETA.
- Selvedge
- The finished edge along both sides of a woven fabric that stops it fraying.
- Seven wastes
- Overproduction, waiting, transport, over-processing, inventory, motion and defects (TIMWOOD); unused talent is often added as the eighth.
- Sewing plan
- Day-by-day plan of output per line for each style.
- Shade band
- A set of fabric swatches from different dye lots used to group rolls of the same shade.
- Shading
- Colour variation between rolls, panels or parts of one garment; a common major defect.
- Shipment sample
- Pieces taken from the final packed goods and sent to the buyer as the shipping reference.
- Short shipment
- Shipping fewer pieces than the order quantity, usually allowed only within an agreed tolerance.
- Shrinkage
- Change in fabric length and width after washing, shown as a percentage; it must be allowed for in patterns.
- Six Sigma
- A method to reduce process variation and defects using data and statistics; target is 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
- Size set
- Samples in each size (or selected sizes) made to check grading and measurements before bulk.
- Skill matrix
- A chart that shows which operations each operator can do and at what efficiency level.
- SMED
- Single-Minute Exchange of Die - a method to reduce changeover time by preparing work in advance.
- SMV
- Standard Minute Value - another name for SAM.
- SNLS
- Single Needle Lock Stitch machine - the most common sewing machine in a garment factory.
- Social audit
- An audit of working conditions, wages, hours, health and safety against a code of conduct.
- Solid pack
- Packing a carton with one colour and one size only.
- Spaghetti diagram
- A drawing of the path of material or people on a layout, used to find unnecessary movement.
- SPI
- Stitches Per Inch - the number of stitches in one inch of seam; set by the buyer's specification.
- Spirality
- Twisting of knit fabric or garments after washing, which makes side seams move to the front or back.
- Spot cleaning
- Removing small stains from garments with a spot cleaning gun and solvent.
- Spreading
- Laying fabric layer by layer on the cutting table to the marker length, by hand or machine.
- SRS
- Sample Request Sheet (or style requirement sheet) sent by the buyer for a sample.
- Standard Minute
- A unit of work equal to the work a qualified operator does in one minute at standard pace.
- Standard time
- Normal time plus allowances; the time used for targets and costing.
- Standard work
- The agreed best way to do a job, with sequence, time and quality points, used for training and checking.
- Straight knife
- Hand-guided cutting machine with a vertical blade, used to cut high lays.
- Strike off
- A small print or embroidery trial on the actual fabric sent for approval before bulk printing.
- Style
- One garment design with its own style number; a style can have several colours and sizes.
T
- T&A
- Time and Action calendar - the order plan listing every task (samples, fabric, PP meeting, production, inspection) with due dates.
- Takt time
- Available time divided by the required output - the pace needed to meet demand.
- Target
- The planned output per hour or day, based on manpower, working minutes, efficiency and SAM.
- Tech pack
- Technical package from the buyer with sketches, measurements, materials, construction details and labels for a style.
- Theoretical manpower
- SAM of an operation ÷ pitch time; the exact number of operators the operation needs before rounding.
- Therblig
- One of the basic hand motions (search, grasp, move, release and so on) used in motion study.
- Third party inspection
- Inspection done by an independent company (such as SGS, Intertek, BV) on behalf of the buyer.
- Thread consumption
- Length of sewing thread needed per garment, calculated from seam length and stitch type ratio.
- Thread trimming
- Cutting loose and uncut thread ends from finished garments.
- Time study
- Measuring the time of an operation with a stopwatch over several cycles, then applying rating and allowance to get standard time.
- TMU
- Time Measurement Unit used in predetermined time systems; 1 TMU = 0.036 seconds.
- Tolerance
- The allowed plus/minus difference from the specified measurement.
- TOP sample
- Top Of Production sample - taken from the first bulk output and sent to the buyer for approval.
- Topstitch
- A visible row of stitches on the right side of a garment, for decoration or strength.
- TPM
- Total Productive Maintenance - involving operators and maintenance together to keep machines in good condition.
- Traffic light system
- Inline quality method that marks each operator green, yellow or red from check results.
- Trims
- All materials other than the main fabric: thread, buttons, zippers, labels, interlining, tags, poly bags, cartons.
U
- UPS
- Unit Production System - an overhead hanger system that carries each garment automatically to the next operator.
V
- Value added
- An activity that changes the product in a way the customer is willing to pay for.
- Visual management
- Showing targets, status and problems with boards, colours and signs so everyone can see them at a glance.
- VSM
- Value Stream Mapping - drawing the material and information flow of a process to find waste and plan improvements.
W
- Wales and courses
- In knit fabric, wales are the vertical columns of loops and courses are the horizontal rows.
- Warp
- The lengthwise yarns in a woven fabric, running parallel to the selvedge.
- Wastage
- Extra material allowed over net consumption for cutting loss, rejects and process loss.
- Weft
- The crosswise yarns in a woven fabric, running from selvedge to selvedge.
- WIP
- Work in progress - cut work waiting between operations on the line.
- Work aid
- Any small tool, jig, guide or attachment that makes an operation easier and quicker.
- Work measurement
- Techniques (time study, PMTS, work sampling) used to set the time a qualified worker needs for a job.
- Work sampling
- Random observations over time to find the share of time spent working, waiting or idle.
- Work station
- One operator's working place, usually one machine or table on the line.
- Work study
- Method study plus work measurement - finding the best way to do a job and the standard time for it.
- Woven fabric
- Fabric made by interlacing warp and weft yarns at right angles (for example poplin, twill, denim); used for shirts and trousers.
- WRAP
- Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production - a certification for lawful, humane and ethical manufacturing.
Y
- Yarn count
- A number showing yarn fineness (Ne for cotton); a higher Ne count means a finer yarn.
- Yarn-dyed
- Fabric woven or knitted from yarns that were dyed before fabric making, as in stripes and checks.