What is Time Study
Time study is a systematic method to measure the time required to perform a specific task by a trained operator working at a normal pace. It is the foundation of SMV calculation, line balancing, capacity planning, and incentive schemes. Time study was developed by Frederick Taylor and later refined by industrial engineers worldwide.
Steps in Time Study
First, select the operation and inform the operator. Second, break the operation into clear elements. Third, observe and time each element several times using a stopwatch. Fourth, apply the rating factor. Fifth, add allowances. Sixth, calculate the standard time. Seventh, record everything in a time study sheet.
Practical Example 1 — Sewing Operation
A collar attachment is broken into 4 elements: pick up collar, position, sew, and place aside. Each element is timed 10 times. Average observed time is 40 seconds. Rating is 100 percent. Allowance is 15 percent. SMV is 40 times 1.15 equals 46 seconds equals 0.77 minutes.
Practical Example 2 — Cutting Operation
Cutting one layer is broken into spread, mark, cut, and remove. Observed time 90 seconds. Rating 95 percent. Allowance 18 percent. Basic time is 90 times 0.95 equals 85.5 seconds. SMV is 85.5 times 1.18 equals 100.9 seconds equals 1.68 minutes.
Practical Example 3 — Finishing Operation
Ironing one piece takes 25 seconds observed. Rating 105 percent. Allowance 20 percent. SMV is 25 times 1.05 times 1.20 equals 31.5 seconds equals 0.525 minutes.
Practical Example 4 — Full Garment
A basic shirt has 30 operations. Each operation is studied separately. Sum of all SMVs equals total garment SMV. For example, 0.5 plus 0.6 plus 0.4 and so on equals 18 minutes total SMV.
Tools for Time Study
Stopwatch (analog or digital), time study board, time study sheet or tablet, video camera for motion study, and rating scales. Many IE teams now use tablets and time study apps for speed and accuracy.
Common Mistakes
Timing the wrong operator. Not breaking into elements. Not taking enough cycles. Ignoring rating and allowances. Timing without the operator's knowledge. Not verifying the study with the supervisor.
How Many Cycles to Observe
For stable operations, 10 to 15 cycles. For variable operations, 20 to 30 cycles. Stop when the variation is small and consistent.
When to Use It
Time study is used for every new style, for method changes, for cost estimates, and for standard setting. It is a core skill for every IE officer.